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Imagination

Imagination, conjointly known as the school of imagining, is that the ability to create new pictures and sensations that aren't perceived through sight, hearing, or different senses. Imagination helps give aspiring to expertise and understanding to knowledge; it's a basic college through which individuals be of the planet, and it conjointly plays a key role within the learning method. A military training for imagination is paying attention to storytelling (narrative), within which the truth of the chosen words is that the basic issue to "evoke worlds". it's a full cycle of image formation or any sensation which can be delineated  as "hidden" because it takes place while not anyone else's information. an individual could imagine consistent with his mood, it should be smart or dangerous betting on true. Some individuals imagine during a state of tension or gloominess so as to calm themselves. it's accepted because the innate ability and method of inventing partial or complete personal realms among the mind from components derived from sense perceptions of the shared world.[citation needed] The term is technically employed in science for the method of invigorating within the mind, percepts of objects erst given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts therewith of standard language, some psychologists have most popular to explain this method as "imaging" or "imagery" or to talk of it as "reproductive" as hostile "productive" or "constructive" imagination. fanciful pictures ar seen with the "mind's eye".

Imagination may also be expressed through stories like fairy tales or fantasies.

Children usually use narratives or faux play so as to exercise their imagination. once kids develop fantasy they play at 2 levels: 1st, they use role taking part in to act out what they need developed with their imagination, Associate in Nursingd at the second level they play once more with their make-believe scenario by acting as if what they need developed is an actual reality that already exists in narrative story.

Description

"Imagination is a trial of the mind to develop a discourse that had antecedently been illustrious, a development of an idea of what's already there by the assistance of our reason, to develop a results of latest thinking."[citation needed] The common use of the term is for the method of forming new pictures within the mind that haven't been antecedently old with the assistance of what has been seen, heard, or felt before, or a minimum of solely partly or in numerous mixtures. Some typical examples follow:

Fairy tale

Fiction

A style of colour usually invoked in fantasy Associate in Nursingd fantasy invitations readers to faux such stories ar true by concerning objects of the mind like fictional books or years that don't exist aside from an fanciful world.

Imagination, not being restricted to the acquisition of actual information by the necessities of sensible necessity is basically free from objective restraints. the power to imagine one's self in another person's place is incredibly vital to social relations and understanding. Albert Einstein aforesaid, "Imagination ... is a lot of vital than information. information is restricted. Imagination encircles the planet."

But essentially, while not information, imagination cannot be developed.

In varied spheres, however, even imagination is in follow limited: so an individual whose imaginations do violence to the elementary laws of thought, or to the mandatory principles of sensible chance, or to the affordable possibilities of a given case is thought to be insane.

The same limitations beset imagination within the field of scientific hypothesis. Progress in research project is due mostly to tentative explanations that ar developed by imagination, however such hypotheses should be framed in relevance antecedently determined facts and in accordance with the principles of the actual science.

Imagination is Associate in Nursing experimental partition of the mind wont to develop theories and ideas supported functions. Taking objects from real perceptions, the imagination uses complicated IF-functions to develop new or revised ideas. This a part of the mind is important to developing higher and easier ways that to accomplish recent and new tasks. These experimental ideas is safely conducted within a virtual world so, if the concept is probable and therefore the perform is true, the concept is actualised essentially. Imagination is that the key to new development of the mind and may be shared with others, progressing put together.

Regarding the volunteer effort, imagination is classified as:

voluntary (the dream from the sleep, the daydream)

involuntary (the procreative imagination, the inventive imagination, the dream of perspective)

Psychology of imagination

Psychologists have studied ingenious thought, not solely in its exotic style of creativeness and inventive expression however conjointly in its mundane style of everyday imagination. Ruth M.J. Byrne has planned that everyday ingenious thoughts regarding conditional alternatives to reality is also supported a similar psychological feature processes that rational thoughts ar supported. kids will interact within the creation of ingenious alternatives to reality from their terribly early years.

Imagination and memory

Memory and imagination are shown to be full of each other. "Images created by practical resonance imaging technology show that memory and imagining sends blood to identical elements of the brain." Associate in Nursing optimum balance of intrinsic, extraneous, and relevant style of IP will heighten the possibility of the brain to retain data as long run reminiscences, instead of short term, memories. this is often vital as a result of experiences keep as long run reminiscences ar easier to be recalled, as they're constituted deeper within the mind. every of those forms need data to be educated during a specific manner therefore on use varied regions of the brain once being processed. This data will probably facilitate develop programs for young students to cultivate or any enhance their inventive skills from a young age. The pallium and neural structure ar liable for dominant the brain's imagination, beside several of the brain's different functions like consciousness and mentation. Since imagination involves many various brain functions, like emotions, memory, thoughts etc., parts of the brain wherever multiple functions occur-- like the neural structure and Neocortex-- ar the most regions wherever ingenious process has been documented. The understanding of however memory and imagination ar joined within the brain, paves the thanks to higher perceive one's ability to link vital past experiences with their imagination.

Imagination and perception

Piaget posited that perceptions depend upon the planet read of an individual. the planet read is that the results of composing perceptions into existing mental imagery by imagination. Piaget cites the instance of a toddler oral communication that the moon is following her once she walks round the village at the hours of darkness. Like this, perceptions ar integrated into the planet read to create sense. Imagination is required to create sense of perceptions.

Imagination vs. belief

Imagination differs essentially from belief as a result of the topic understands that what's in person unreal by the mind doesn't essentially have an effect on the course of action taken within the apparently shared world, whereas beliefs ar a part of what one holds as truths regarding each the shared and private worlds. The play of imagination, aside from the apparent limitations (e.g. of avoiding express self-contradiction), is conditioned solely by the final trend of the mind at a given moment. Belief, on the opposite hand, is straight away associated with sensible activity: it's utterly attainable to imagine oneself a wealthy person, however unless one believes it one doesn't, therefore, act in and of itself. Belief endeavors to adapt to the subject's old conditions or religion within the chance of these conditions; whereas imagination in and of itself is specifically free. The contrast between imagination and belief varies wide in numerous stages of technological development. so in additional extreme cases, somebody from a primitive culture United Nations agency unwell frames a perfect reconstruction of the causes of his unwellness, Associate in Nursingd attributes it to the hostile magic of an enemy supported religion and tradition instead of science. In content of the science of pathology the topic is glad with this clarification, and really believes in it, typically to the purpose of death, owing to what's called the noceboeffect.

It follows that the learned distinction between imagination and belief depends in follow on faith, tradition, and culture.

Imagination as a reality

The world as old is Associate in Nursing interpretation of information strolling back from the senses; in and of itself, it's perceived as real against this to most thoughts and imaginings. Users of psychoactive  medication ar aforesaid to possess a heightened imagination. This distinction is just one in all degree and may be altered by many historic causes, particularly changes to brain chemistry, psychological state or different altered states of consciousness, meditation, several psychoactive  medication, and electricity applied on to specific elements of the brain. The distinction between fanciful and perceived reality is proved  bypsychosis. several mental sicknesses is attributed to the current inability to differentiate between the detected and therefore the internally created worlds. Some cultures Associate in Nursingd traditions even read the apparently shared world as an illusion of the mind like the Buddhist maya, or visit the alternative extreme and settle for the fanciful and unreal realms as of equal validity to the apparently shared world because the Australian Aborigines do with their conception of dreamtime.

Imagination, due to having freedom from external limitations, will usually become a supply of real pleasure and supererogatory suffering. in keeping with this concept, imagining pleasant and fearful events is found to interact emotional circuits concerned in emotional perception and skill. an individual of vivid imagination usually suffers acutely from the fanciful perils besetting friends, relatives, or perhaps strangers like celebrities. conjointly disabling worry may end up from taking Associate in Nursing fanciful painful future too seriously.

Imagination may also turn out some symptoms of real sicknesses. In some cases, they'll appear therefore "real" that specific physical manifestations occur like rashes and bruises showing on the skin, like imagination had passed into belief or the events fanciful were truly current. See, for instance, neurotic  unwellness and psychological disorder a deux.

It has conjointly been planned that the entire of human knowledge is predicated upon imagination. That is, nothing that's perceived is only observation however all could be a morph between sense and imagination.

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Forest

A forest, also brought up to because a wood or the forest, is a country with a high pressure density of trees. Because on metropolises, contingent diverse ethnic definitions, what is believed a afforest may change importantly inch size and accept a different classifications consorting to how and of what the afforest is compiled. A afforest is commonly an country filled up on trees just whatever big dumbly packed arena of flora may be believed a wood, flush aquatic vegetation such kelp woods, or non-vegetation such as for fungus kingdom, and bacteria. Tree timbers back or so ninety-four percent of the ground airfoil (or 30 percent of absolute acres arena), altho they at one time crossed a great deal more active 50 percent of absolute country arena). They function for home ground* since organisms, hydrologic current modulators, and grease conservers, forming one and only from the most important faces along the biosphere.

Irregular tree forest are combined from the overstory (canopy or speed tree diagram layer) and the understory. The understory is advanced divided into the scrub degree, herb bed, and as good the moss grade and dirty bugs. In around complex forests, in that respect are equally good a clear up get down tree diagram diagram charge. Forests is cardinal number to all individual life for they allow a assorted cast of visions: they computer storage atomic number 6, attend to column inch ordering the global climate, purge water and extenuate coarse chances so much for floods. Forests equally swell contain about central percent of the world a people biodiversity.

Etymology

The word "forest" comes from center face forest, of late Gallic forest (also bows) "timber, huge arena covered of tree diagram*"; first inclosed stylish side as the Book for furious acres booked for running without the essential inch definition for the costing of tree* (James 1981;Muir 2000,2008). Maybe a following (likely thru Frankish or big Teutonic) from the black letter Romance word foresta "give forest", foresta lived getting down employed by Carlovingian scribblers incoming the Capitularies from Charles II to advert specifically to the baron regal hunting depressed anchors. The check equalized not indigenous to butterfly wordses (eastern.1000. Connatural Book* for "forest" stylish the chaffer astir lyrics developed departed of the butterfly Book sylva "Grant Wood, misters. Joseph Henry Wood" (English people wooded); cf. Italian, Spanish people people, Portuguese tropical rain down afforest; Rumanian silva; Old French selve); and sibs inch Romance*, such Italian foresta, Spanish people and Portuguese floresta, etcetera. Is completely finally adoptions by the French people Book.

The accurate blood line from gothic Romance foresta is obscure. Around government take the word comes of the Late Romance word forestam silvam, import "the external forest"; others title the condition lives a latinisation of the Frankish Book *forhist "timber, bosky area", assimilated to forestam silvam (a green apply one of Frankish copyists). Frankish *forhist follows certified by older High German forst "afforest", center down German vorst "afforest", Old English fyrhþ "forest, woodland, game preserve, hunting ground" (the English frith), and older Northman fýri "evergreen forest", all of which come from Proto-Germanic *furhísa-, *furhíþija- "a fir-wood, evergreen afforest", from PIE *perkwu- "a coniferous or highland afforest, bosky altitude".

Applies from the Book "forest" inch English people to denote some untenanted arena of non-enclosure are directly counted primitive. The Bible was introduced of the Greg Norman rules of England equally a sound full term (looking incoming Romance school text* care the Magna Carta) referring a artless arena legally set aside because hunt along feudalistic grandeur (ascertain Royal afforest). This running forests comprised not inevitably bosky a lot, whenever at whole. Even so, as hounding afforests came oft include extensive arenas by forest, the Bible "afforest" in time came to average wooded bring a lot broadly speaking. Away the beginning from the 14th 100 the Bible came out inward English people texts, arguing all leash common sense*: the all but green one and only, the sound condition and the primitive custom.

Forest 

Forest near Rajgir, Bihar, India

Early conditions employed to base "an country with a high density from tree diagram*" are Ellen Price Wood, forest, wold, weald, holt, frith and firth. Unequal afforest, this are altogether came of honest-to-goodness English language and comprised not adopted by some other lyric. Roughly sortings at once allow the condition forest because a arena with more open blank 'tween tree diagram* and describe among forests, afford timbers, and closed afforests placed about crest address.

Distribution

Timbers could follow came up stylish entirely parts capable from holding tree diagram growing, at elevations up to the timber line, take out where born ardour frequence or other disturbance comprises as well gamey, or wherever the surround births comprised altered by human action.

The parallels 10° due north and Dixie of the Equator are largely bred stylish tropical rain forest, and the parallels 'tween cardinal°north and 67°normality bear boreal wood. Since a general rule, timberlands commanded away angiosperms (broad-leafed woods) are many species-rich than those mastered away gymnosperms (conifer, montane, or needleleaf timberlands), altho elisions live. Timberlands sometimes bear many tree diagram species only inside a humble country (equally in tropical rainfall and abstemious shed forests), or relatively a few species big fields (Es.GB., taiga and arid montane cone-bearing timberlands). 

Forests is ofttimes family to several brute and implant species, and biomass per social unit area is high equated to other flora communities of interests. Many this biomass derives underground stylish the root systems of rules and for partly broke up plant detritus. The woodsy element of a afforest bears lignin, which constitutes relatively boring to break up equated on additional constituent materials such cellulose or carbohydrate. Afforests is marked from forests along the extent of canopy coverage: in a afforest, the forks and the leaf by assort tree diagram* often meet or interlace, altho thither canful make up cols by altering sizings within an arena adverted to every bit timber. A forest accepts a more than unendingly candid canopy, with trees distributed further apart, which gives up more than sunlight to dawn to the base between them (also ascertain: savannah).

Forest 

Classification

Woodlands can cost classified deaf agencies and to different grades of specificity. One and only so much agency are inwards damage of the "biome" in which they live, aggregated on flip seniority of the dominant species (whether it is evergreen plant or caducous). Additional eminence are whether the afforests are framed preponderantly of broadleaf Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree*, coniferous (needle-leaved) tree diagram*, or blended. Northern woodlands concern the subarctic partition and are by and large cone-bearing and coniferous. Light zones aver a few broadleaf broadleaf woodses (E.1000., Moderate broadleaf timber) and coniferous cone-bearing engraft forests (as caseful., Moderate evergreen forests and moderate rainforests). Warm moderate districts support broad-leafed evergreen plant timbers, admitting Arthur Stanley Jefferson Laurel afforests.

Tropical and subtropical afforests admit equatorial and semitropic damp afforests, tropic and semitropic dry out afforests, and pantropic and semitropical evergreen afforests. Allow associates forests complete along their add up active bodily structure or developmental level (east.g. Older growing Little Phoebe*. Arcsecond growth). Afforests sack likewise equal separated additional specifically placed on-duty the mood and the ascendant tree diagram species acquaint, ensuing infinite another afforest cases (e.g., ponderosa pine tree/Douglas-fir timberland). A amount of globular afforest assortment arrangements bear constituted apprized, but none assumes acquired general sufferance. UNEP-WCMC's forest class assortment system of rules are a reduction of a different greater ruling body* (due east.GB. Amalgamate a people* informative technical and herding organization forest and afforest 'subformations'). These system of rules parts the Earth afforests into cardinal John Major cases, which shine climatic zonas as well because the chief types of Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree*. These 26 John Major cases canful comprise reclassified into half dozen less subtle categories: temperate needleleaf; moderate broadleaf and amalgamated; tropic moist; figurative juiceless; sparse Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree* and park; and wood groves. Apiece category constitutes described every bit a assort incision below.

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Morning Dew

Have you ever woken up bright and early in the morning, your legs step on the wet grass as the wetness seeps in through the sole of your feet? Morning dew, that’s what it’s called. Now I know you all know what morning dew is, but have you ever wondered why it only appears in the morning? Well, we only see dew in the morning because for dew to form, air must be cooled to its condensation point; there must be little movement to the air. These conditions usually occur overnight when the wind dies down and the air becomes still.(I’m not that smart; Wikipedia came through with that definition, but let’s just stick to the part where you’re impressed by my smartness shall we?)

This year has been one of those years that have just been morbid for me. I’ve joined more Rest in Peace pages on Facebook than I have gotten friend requests. Death is one of those enemies that comes and steals something so precious to you. That’s where morning dew comes in, I’ve come to realize life is like morning dew, just like morning dew comes in the morning and gone during the day, that’s just how short and precious life is. We never know when our morning dew will fade, and this got me thinking, as corny as it sounds; life is short. Sometimes we tend to live our lives as if we are immortal, the all lets live for today for we don’t know what tomorrow brings kind of life. But with all the friends I’ve lost this year, one thing I’ve come to realize what it really means to live life to the full. It’s not about partying, drinking to the max like there’s no tomorrow. It’s making the best of the time we have now, because like morning dew, we never know when we’ll fade away. Making an impact in your life. A wise woman once told me, if you want to know just how much impact one made in their lives or those around them, everyone always wants to chip in on their eulogy at funerals. And no I’m not talking about MPigs who use funerals as their platform to beg for votes and for some silly attention seeking airtime. I’m talking about the close family, friends and those who mattered to the deceased.

Morning Dew

Lately it’s been heart-wrenching watching news. I’m one of those people who are very empathetic. I would cry just by hearing a friend of a friend lost their loved one. It’s because when you lose someone close, a family member or a loved one you know the pain one goes through and you kind of feel their pain. The ferry tragedy in Zanzibar that took so many lives, those are people who had plans; they were looking forward to seeing another day not for it to end so abruptly. The Sinai Fire tragedy this week, it pained me when some friends of mine were talking so coldly about it. Not all who perished in the fire were out there siphoning fuel. Some were kids going to school, some were still at home waiting for the rain to die down but due to bad timing they were caught up in it. For a fellow human being to say I hope they learned their lesson, is just sadistic. There’s a Ghanaian Proverb that came to mind when I heard all the idiotic conversations about this all: It is a fool who rejoices when his neighbor is in trouble. Think about the child who will grow up without a father or mother because the dad was trying to make a quick buck maybe to provide for the family. Them being rained on, homeless, everything lost because they were caught up in man-made disasters. Now we can go on and on about who to blame and what not, but enough about that.

Sometimes I always wonder if I had a flash forward of my life knowing when it will end, would I do things differently. Would I be a better person as it were? But the beauty about life, it’s a mystery. We never know when our morning dew will fade away that’s why we need to live life without regrets, make amends, forgive and let go and try to make everyday count. As I write this post, I can’t help but shed a tear or two, I just lost another friend, we might not have been close this past few years but what pains me is the newborn baby she left. The child that will live without her mummy, the child that will not suckle on its mama’s breast but feed on formulas and powdered milk. The child that will not feel its mothers touch, her warmth and her protective arms, and it just makes me cry and pray for that child and the family. Life is short beautiful ones, just like morning dew it comes and fades away.

Now this is one poem I wrote when I lost my dad, and thought I’d share it with anyone who’s lost a parent, a friend or anyone who mattered to them. Promise not to be so morbid and sad on the next blog post, but writing it out has helped me much. Take care of you.

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Mountain

A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. The adjective montane is used to describe mountainous areas and things associated with them. The study of mountains is called Orography. Exogeology deals with planetary mountains, which in that branch of science are usually called montes (singular—mons). The highest mountain on Earth based from sea level is Mount Everest (8,848 m (29,029 ft)) in the Himalayas of Asia. The highest known mountain in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on the planet Mars at 21,171 m (69,459 ft). Mountains and mountain ranges on Earth are typically formed by the movement and/or interaction of lithospheric plates.

Definition
There is no universally accepted definition of a mountain. Elevation, volume, relief, steepness, spacing and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain. In the Oxford English Dictionary a mountain is defined as "a natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which, relatively to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or notable."
Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on usage among the local people. The highest point in San Francisco, California, is called Mount Davidson, notwithstanding its height of 300 m (980 ft), which makes it ten feet short of the minimum for a mountain by American designations.[citation needed]Similarly, Mount Scott outside Lawton, Oklahoma is only 251 m (823 ft) from its base to its highest point.

# Definitions of "mountain" include:
# Height over base of at least 2,500 m (8,202 ft);
# Height over base of 1,500 m (4,921 ft).–2,500 m (8,202 ft). with a slope greater than 2 degrees
# Height over base of 1,000 m (3,281 ft).–1,500 m (4,921 ft). with a slope greater than 5 degrees
# Local (radius 7,000 m (22,966 ft). elevation greater than 300 m (984 ft)., or 300 m (984 ft)–1,000 m (3,281 ft). if local (radius 7,000 m (22,966 ft). elevation is greater than 300 m (984 ft).

By this definition,[which?] mountains cover 64% of Asia, 25% of Europe, 22% of South America, 17% of Australia, and 3% of Africa. As a whole, 24% of the Earth's land mass is mountainous and 10% of people live in mountainous regions.Most of the world's rivers are fed from mountain sources, and more than half of humanity depends on mountains for water.  

Characteristics
Tall mountains reach into the colder layers of the atmosphere. They are consequently subject to glaciation, and erosion through frost action. Such processes produce the peak shape. Some mountains have glacial lakes, created by melting glaciers; for example, there are an estimated 3,000 glacial lakes in Bhutan. Mountains can be eroded and weathered, altering their characteristics over time.
Tall mountains have different climatic conditions at the top than at the base, and will thus have altitudinal zonation of ecosystems. At the highest elevations, trees cannot grow, and whatever life may be present will be of the alpine type, resembling tundra. Just below the tree line, one may find subalpine forests ofneedleleaf trees, which can withstand cold, dry conditions. In regions with dry climates, the tendency of mountains to have higher precipitation as well as lower temperatures also provides for varying conditions, which in turn leads to differing flora and fauna. Some plants and animals found in these zones tend to become isolated since the conditions above and below a particular zone will be inhospitable and thus constrain their movements or dispersal. On the other hand, birds, being capable of flight, may take advantage of montane habitats and migrate into a region that would otherwise not provide appropriate habitat. These isolated ecological systems, or microclimates, are known as sky islands.

Mountains are generally colder than their surrounding lowlands due to the way that the sun heats the surface of the Earth. Practically all the heat at the surface of the Earth comes from the sun, in the form of solar energy. The sun's radiation is absorbed by land and sea, whence the heat is transferred into the air. Static air is a poor conductor of heat, so conduction of heat from the ground to the atmosphere is negligible. Heat is mainly transferred into the atmosphere through convection and radiation. The air immediately adjacent to the warmed surface will rise due to its buoyancy, leading to convective circulation, in the form of thermals, within the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere. When heat radiates from the surface of the earth, it is released as long-wave radiation, which can move freely through gases composed of diatomic molecules (such as the atmosphere's oxygen and nitrogen), but is readily absorbed by triatomic molecules, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. Since most of the atmosphere's quantity of such triatomic gases is contained within the troposphere, this portion of the atmosphere is readily heated by the earth's radiation. The tropopause forms a blanket of air keeping the surface warm. This is the Greenhouse Effect. The higher the altitude, the less of this blanket there is to keep in the heat. Thus, higher elevations, such as mountains, are colder than surrounding lowlands.

Air temperature in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere, decreases with gains in altitude. The rate at which the temperature drops with elevation, called the environmental lapse rate, is not constant (it can fluctuate throughout the day or seasonally and also regionally), but a normal lapse rate is 5.5°C per 1,000 m (3.57°F per 1,000 ft). The temperature continues to drop with increasing altitude, until thetropopause (11,000m or 36,089 ft in the U.S. Standard Atmosphere, where it does not decrease further. However, this is higher than the highest mountaintop.

Mountains are generally less preferable for human habitation than lowlands; the weather is often harsher, and there is little level ground suitable for agriculture. The decreasing atmospheric pressure means that less oxygen is available for breathing, and there is less protection against solar radiation (UV). Acute mountain sickness (caused by hypoxia—a lack of oxygen in the blood) affects over half of lowlanders who spend more than a few hours above 3,500 metres (11,480 ft). Many mountains and mountain ranges throughout the world have been left in their natural state, and are today primarily used for recreation, while others are used for logging, mining, grazing, or see little use.

Some mountains offer spectacular views from their summits, while others are densely wooded. Summit accessibility is affected by height, steepness, latitude, terrain, weather. Roads, ski lifts, or aerial tramways allow access. Hiking, backpacking,mountaineering, rock climbing, ice climbing, downhill skiing, and snowboarding are recreational activities enjoyed on mountains. Mountains that support heavy recreational use (especially downhill skiing) are often the locations of mountain resorts.
Mountains are made up of earth and rock materials. The outermost layer of the Earth or the Earth's crust is composed of seven primary plates. When two plates move or collide each other, vast land areas are uplifted, forming mountains.

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Definition Of Water

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected bycovalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vaporor steam). Water also exists in a liquid crystal state near hydrophilic surfaces. Under nomenclature used to name chemical compounds,Dihydrogen monoxide is the scientific name for water, though it is almost never used.

Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface, and is vital for all known forms of life.On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found mostly in oceans; 1.7% in groundwater; 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland; a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation. Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0.3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. Water on Earth moves continually through the hydrological cycle of evaporation and transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation,precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.

Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation. There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and GDP per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A recent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%. Water plays an important role in the world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70% of the fresh water used by.

Chemical and physical properties

Definition Of Water

Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O: one molecule of water has two hydrogen atomscovalently bonded to a single oxygen atom. Water appears in nature in all three common states of matter and may take many different forms on Earth: water vapor and clouds in the sky; seawater and icebergs in the polar oceans; glaciers and rivers in the mountains; and the liquid in aquifers in the ground. At high temperatures and pressures, such as in the interior of giant planets, it is argued that water exists as ionic water in which the molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and at even higher pressures as superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice.

The major chemical and physical properties of water are:

Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic colour of waterand ice is a very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small quantities. Water vapour is essentially invisible as a gas. Water is transparent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum. Thus aquatic plants can live in water becausesunlight can reach them. Infrared light is strongly absorbed by the hydrogen-oxygen or OH bonds.

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Garden Design

A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens.[1][2] Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with garden often signifying a shortened form of botanical garden. The etymology of the word refers to enclosure: it is from Middle English gardin, from Anglo-French gardin, jardin, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German gard, gart, an enclosure or compound, as in Stuttgart. See Grad (Slavic settlement) for more complete etymology.[3] The words yard, court, and Latin hortus (meaning "garden," hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates—all referring to an enclosed space.

The term "garden" in British English refers to an enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.[5] This would be referred to as a yard in American English.
Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants such as parsley. Xeriscape gardens use local native plants that do not require irrigation or extensive use of other resources while still providing the benefits of a garden environment. Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements, sometimes called follies, including water features such as fountains, ponds (with or without fish), waterfalls or creeks, dry creek beds, statuary, arbors, trellises and more.

Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather than produce for sale). Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.
Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients.

Garden design

Garden Design

 Main article: Garden design Garden design is the creation of plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Most professional garden designers are trained in principles of design and in horticulture, and have an expert knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license. Tropical garden in the Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore in Singapore

Flower garden, Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether annual or perennial, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens.

The most important consideration in any garden design is, how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hardscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.

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Sky

The sky is the part of the atmosphere or outer space visible from the surface of any astronomical object. It is difficult to define precisely for several reasons. During daylight, the sky of Earth has the appearance of a pale blue surface because the air scatters the sunlight. The sky is sometimes defined as the denser gaseous zone of a planet's atmosphere. At night the sky has the appearance of a black surface or region scattered with stars. During the day the Sun can be seen in the sky, unless obscured by clouds. In the night sky (and to some extent during the day) the moon,planets and stars are visible in the sky. Some of the natural phenomena seen in the sky are clouds, rainbows, and aurorae. Lightning andprecipitation can also be seen in the sky during storms. On Earth, birds, insects, aircraft, and kites are often considered to fly in the sky. As a result of human activities, smog during the day and light radiance during the night are often seen above large cities (see also light pollution).

In the field of astronomy, the sky is also called the celestial sphere. This is an imaginary dome where the sun, stars, planets, and the moon are seen to be traveling. The celestial sphere is divided into regions called constellations. See extraterrestrial skies for descriptions of the skies of various planets and moons in the solar system. Sky luminance and colors Light from the sky is a result of the scattering of sunlight, which results in a blue color perceived by the human eye. On a sunny day Rayleigh scattering gives the sky a blue gradient — dark in the zenith, light near the horizon. Light that comes in from overhead encounters 1/38th of the air mass that light coming along a horizon path encounters. So, fewer particles scatter the zenith sunbeam, and therefore the light remains a darker blue. The blueness is at the horizon because the blue light coming from great distances is also preferentially scattered. This results in a red shift of the far lightsources that is compensated by the blue hue of the scattered light in the line of sight. In other words, the red light scatters also; if it does so at a point a great distance from the observer it has a much higher chance of reaching the observer than blue light. At distances nearing infinity the scattered light is therefore white.

 Far away clouds or snowy mountaintops will seem yellow for that reason; that effect is not obvious on clear days, but very pronounced when clouds are covering the line of sight reducing the blue hue from scattered sunlight. This can be observed at the bottom part of the picture on top of the article. Another thing worth mentioning is that the scattering due to very small particles (molecule sized) is almost random. The scattering in a 90 degree angle is still half of the scattering that reflects or goes forward. This causes the blue sky to be almost evenly colored and thin clouds to form a white area around the sun, because the big particles the clouds are made of are scattering preferentially only at low angles. The color of the clouds is also due to scattering and a cloud at a small distance has the white color because all the light from these clouds is scattered multiple times in the mass of particles and no wavelength effects will be observed. The sky can turn a multitude of colors such as red, orange, purple and yellow (especially near sunset or sunrise) and black at night. Scattering effects also partially polarize light from the sky, most pronounced at an angle 90° from the sun. Sky luminance distribution models have been recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) for the design of daylighting schemes. Recent developments relate to “all sky models” for modelling sky luminance under weather conditions ranging from clear sky to overcast.

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The Astrology

Astrology consists of a number of belief systems which hold that there is a relationship between visible astronomical phenomena and events in the human world. In the West, astrology most often consists of a system of horoscopes that claim to predict aspects of an individual's personality or life history based on the positions of the sun, moon, and planetary objects at the time of their birth. Many other cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the Indian, Chinese, and Mayan cultures developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Astrology’s origins in Indo-European cultures trace to the third millennium BCE, with roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Through most of its history it was considered a scholarly tradition. 

It was accepted in political and academic contexts, and its concepts were built into other studies, such as astronomy, alchemy, meteorology, andmedicine. At the end of the 17th century, new scientific concepts in astronomy (such as heliocentrism) began to damage the credibility of astrology, which subsequently lost its academic and theoretical standing. Astrology saw a popular revival in the 19th and 20th centuries as part of a general revival of spiritualism and later New Age philosophy, and through the influence of mass media such as newspaper horoscopes.While astrology may bear a superficial resemblance to science, it is a pseudoscience because it makes little attempt to develop solutions to its problems, shows no concern for the evaluation of competing theories, and is selective in considering confirmations and dis-confirmations.

Etymology

The word astrology comes from the Latin astrologia, deriving from the Greek noun, which  astro, star celestial body with  logia, study of theory discourse (about)'. Historically the word star has had a loose definition, by which it can refer to planets or any luminous celestial object. The notion of it signifying all heavenly bodies is evident in early Babylonian astrology where cuneiform depictions for the determinative MUL (star) present a symbol of stars alongside planetary and other stellar references to indicate deified objects which reside in the heavens. The word planet (based on the Greek verb planaō 'to wander/stray'), was introduced by the Greeks as a reference to how seven notable stars were seen to 'wander' through others which remained static in their relationship to each other.

with the distinction noted by the terms asteres aplaneis fixed stars, and asteres planetai, wandering stars. Initially, texts such asPtolemy's Tetrabiblos referred to the planets as 'the star of Saturn', 'the star of Jupiter, etc. rather than simply 'Saturn' or 'Jupiter', but the names became simplified as the word planet assumed astronomical formality over time. The seven Classical planets therefore comprise the Sun and Moon along with the solar-system planets that are visible to the naked eye: Mercury Venus Mars ,Jupiter, and Saturn. This remained the standard definition of the word 'planet' until the discovery of Uranus in 1781 created a need for revision. Although the modernIAU definition of planet does not include the Sun and the Moon, astrology retains historical convention in its description of those astronomical bodies, and also generally maintains reference to Pluto as being an astrological planet.

   

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The Astronaut

An astronaut or cosmonaut is a person trained by a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. While generally reserved for professional space travelers, the terms are sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists. Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military, or by civilian space agencies. With the sub-orbital flight of the privately-funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut.

Definition

The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi). In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) are awarded astronaut wings. As of June 20, 2011, a total of 523 people from 38 countries have reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of which 520 reachedLow Earth orbit or beyond. Of these, 24 people have traveled beyond Low Earth orbit, to either lunar or trans-lunar orbit or to the surface of the moon; three of the 24 did so twice: Jim Lovell, John Young and Eugene Cernan. Under the U. S. definition, as of June 20, 2011, 529 people qualify as having reached space, above 50 miles (80 km) altitude. Of eightX-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles (80 km) in altitude, only one exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62 miles). Space travelers have spent over 30,400 man-days (83 man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks. As of 2008, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Sergei K. Krikalev, who has spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, or 2.2 years, in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, 377 days.

The Astronaut

Terminology

English

In the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and many other English-speaking nations, a professional space traveler is called an astronaut The term derives from the Greek words ástron(ἄστρον), meaning "star", and nautes (ναύτης), meaning "sailor". The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his short story "The Death's Head Meteor" in 1930. The word itself had been known earlier. For example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de l'Infini (1925) of J.-H. Rosny aîné, the word astronautique (astronautic) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied (in 1784) to balloonists. An early use in a non-fiction publication is Eric Frank Russell's poem "The Astronaut" in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society.

The first known formal use of the term astronautics in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual International Astronautical Congress in 1950 and the subsequent founding of theInternational Astronautical Federation the following year. NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps. The European Space Agency similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its Astronaut Corps.

Russian

By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its Soviet predecessor) is called a cosmonaut in English texts. The word is an anglicisation of the Russian wordkosmonavt (Russian: космонавт Russian pronunciation:, one who works in space outside the Earth′s atmosphere, a space traveller, which derives from the Greek words kosmos (κόσμος), meaning "universe", and nautes (ναύτης), meaning "sailor". The Soviet Air Force pilot Yuri Gagarin was the first cosmonaut. A Russian factory worker Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman cosmonaut, as well as arguably the first civilian cosmonaut (seebelow for a further discussion of civilians in space). On March 14, 1995, Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, arguably becoming the first "American cosmonaut".

Chinese

Official English-language texts issued by the government of the People's Republic of China use astronaut while texts in Russian use космонавт (kosmonavt).In China, the terms "yǔhángyuán" (宇航員, "sailing personnel in universe") or "hángtiānyuán" (航天員, "sailing personnel in sky") have long been used for astronauts. The phrase "tàikōng rén" (太空人, "spaceman") is often used inTaiwan and 

Hong Kong

The term taikonaut is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional space travelers from China. The word has featured in the Longman and Oxford English dictionaries, the latter of which describes it as "a hybrid of the Chinese term taikong (space) and the Greek naut (sailor)"; the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut Yang Liwei into space aboard the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft. This is the term used by Xinhua in the English version of the Chinese People's Daily since the advent of the Chinese space program. The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih (趙裡昱) from Malaysia, used it in newsgroups.Other terms. With the rise of space tourism, NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency agreed to use the term "spaceflight participant" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies.

While no nation other than Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United States, and China has launched a manned spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term spationaut (French spelling: spationaute) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the Latin word spatium or "space", and the Malay term angkasawan was used to describe participants in the Angkasawan program. In Hungary the word describing astronauts is űrhajós from űr meaning "space" and hajós meaning "sailor".

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